Silesia (Polish: Śląsk, Czech: Slezsko) is a historical landscape, which today is mainly located in the extreme southwest of Poland, but in parts also on the territory of Germany and the Czech Republic. By far the most significant river is the Oder. To the south, Silesia is bordered mainly by the Sudeten and Beskid mountain ranges. Today, almost 8 million people live in Silesia. The largest cities in the region are Wrocław, Opole and Katowice. Before 1945, most of the region was part of Prussia for two hundred years, and before the Silesian Wars (from 1740) it was part of the Habsburg Empire for almost as many years. Silesia is classified into Upper and Lower Silesia.
Upper Silesia (Polish Górny Śląsk, Czech Horní Slezsko) is the southeastern part of Silesia in modern Poland and the Czech Republic. The area lies on the Odra River and a part of the eastern Sudeten Mountains. Opole (Polish: Oppeln) is regarded as the historical capital of Upper Silesia.
Lower Silesia is part of the historical region of Silesia, located in present-day Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. Its borders roughly coincide with the former Prussian province of Lower Silesia with further areas in the north-west (parts of Upper Lusatia) and south, which also belonged to Silesia for a time, as well as part of the Voivodeship of Opole, which formerly belonged to the Duchy of Neisse. Its historical capital is Wrocław.
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