The rural-urban migration of Russian Germans and other national minorities between 1953 and 1982

Kazakhstan is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Nur-Sultan is the capital of the country inhabited by about 18.8 million people. The country is located on the shores of the Caspian Sea and has been independent since 1991. The history of the country is marked by various dynasties that established khanates on its territory until the 18th century, when the country was formally ruled by the Russian Tsarist Empire in the 19th century. From 1936 to 1991, Kazakhstan was part of the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union (SU or USSR) was a state in Eastern Europe, Central and Northern Asia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It emerged from the so-called Soviet Russia, the successor state of the Russian Empire. The Russian Soviet Republic formed the core of the union and at the same time its largest part, with further constituent republics added. Their number varied over time and was related to the occupation of other countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Soviet republics that existed only for a short time (Karelo-Finlandia) or the division or merger of Soviet republics. In addition, there were numerous autonomous republics or other territorial units with an autonomy status that was essentially limited to linguistic autonomy for minorities.

Before its formal dissolution, the USSR consisted of 15 Soviet republics with a population of approximately 290 million people. At around 22.4 million km², it was the largest territorial state in the world at the time. The Soviet Union was a socialist soviet republic with a one-party system and an absence of separation of powers.