Teaching Module

Die Ukraine im Ersten Weltkrieg – eine Nation kommt auf die Landkarte

Edited by:

Martin Rohde

09.07.2025

Karikatur mit dem Titel: „Der Weltfrieden in der Ukraine", 1919

Photo credit:

Cartoon with the title: “World peace in Ukraine”, 1919. Yuri Hasenko / CC0 1.0

Inhaltsverzeichnis der Quellen dieses Moduls

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Reactions to the Outbreak of War
- The Kievlyanin on Russian-Imperial Manifestations on the Occasion of the War in Kyiv
  The Kievlyanin, the most important newspaper of Little Russian orientation in Kyiv, describes how “Russian” (i.e. without distinguishing between “Great Russian” and “Little Russian” actors) and Jewish demonstrations came together on the...
- The “Ukrainian” Steam Cloud
  The Kievlyanin, the most important newspaper of Little Russian orientation in Kyiv, describes how the Ukrainian national movement quickly collapsed despite grand declarations at the beginning of the war.
- Kost' Levyc'kyj, The Legend of the “Ruthenian Betrayal”
  The Ukrainian politician Kost' Levyc'kyj problematizes the emergence of a political myth that led to general suspicion of the Ruthenians of Galicia.
- Graz-Thalerhof Internment Camp
  In the first few months after the outbreak of the First World War, numerous Ruthenians were arrested as alleged spies or shot by summary execution. Several thousand civilians were deported by the army to the interior of the Reich
- Complaint of Unlawful Internment
  Letter of complaint dated 6.12.1914 from the interned Reichsrat deputy Mykola Hlibovyc'kyj/ Nikolaus Hlibowicki and others to the Kaiser, in which they point out the illegality and inhumanity of the internment, confiscated by the censors
- Monument to the First World War in the Museum of Lemko Culture in Zyndranowa
  The memory of the First World War in Ukraine is characterized by numerous regional differences, for example in the Eastern Carpathians, a major battlefield in 1914-1915.
- Monument Dedicated to the Victims of Thalerhof, 1914-1918, Museum of Lemko Culture in Zyndranowa
  The general suspicion against the Ruthenian population, the Thalerhof prison camp and the mass deaths there due to epidemics are still regarded as central cornerstones of Lemko's culture of remembrance, both in Poland and in the diaspora.
Ukrainian Political Writings
- On Ukrainian Social Democracy in the World War, December 1914
  On the occasion of the publication in Ukrainian of an essay by the Russian socialist Aleksandr “Parvus” Helphand, representatives of Russian Ukrainian social democracy outline their political goals and the necessary steps to take against...
- The Platform of the Federation for the Liberation of Ukraina
  The leading actors of the League for the Liberation of Ukraine outline their mission towards Russian Ukraine during the World War
- What Kind of Independent Ukraine Do We Need?
  The influential Galician-Ukrainian geographer and propagandist, Stepan Rudnyc'kyj, describes under a pseudonym what a Ukrainian state capable of independence would have to achieve and what challenges it would have to deal with.
- Memorandum of the Ukrainian Parliamentarians of Cisleithania Concerning the Political Organization and Administration of the Ukrainian Territories in the East of the Empire
  This memorandum by Ukrainian deputies in the Chamber of Deputies of the Imperial Council represents one of the many responses to the question of the reorganization of the empire in 1916. Especially after the death of Franz Joseph I, they once again...
- Cover of the “Ukrainische Rundschau”, a Central German-Language Propaganda Organ of the Ukrainian Movement in Vienna
  The cover of the “Ukrainische Rundschau” shows an ethnographic map of Ukraine in the widest possible expanse without any explanations and presents the unity of Ukrainian countries across national borders as a political fact on which the...
Escape and Imprisonment in Autobiographies
- Memories of the Teacher Volodymyr Levyc'kyj of His Time as a Russian Prisoner of War
  In his memoirs, Levyc'kyj vividly describes his impressions of his time as a prisoner of war, the burden of boredom, the acquaintances he made in the camp and the contact with a young student who helped him to persevere.
- Excerpt from the Autobiography of the Ukrainian Historian and First President Mychajlo Hruševs'kyj
  This academic autobiography describes the eventful fate of the historian and politician in times of war and revolution.
Ukrainian Military Units
- The Ukrainian Volunteer Corps
  Volodymyr Temnyc'kyj, Ukrainian politician and member of the military self-administration of the Ukrainian Sikh Riflemen, presents the volunteer unit in the propaganda magazine Ukrainische Rundschau.
- The Pavilion of the “Ukrainian Legion” at the Vienna War Exhibition
  The comments on the Vienna War Exhibition and the "Artists in the Field" show how much the First World War was also a (multimedia) media and propaganda event.
- Ukrainian Legion in the Carpathians. Rest on the Makivka Mountain. April 1915
  Photograph of a Ukrainian volunteer unit on Mount Makivka, which had great symbolic significance in the early days of the war.
- Members of the Ukrainian “Artists' Group” and of the Press Quarter
  The members of the USS press and artist groups, who are responsible for reporting, photography and propaganda, pose in uniform.
- The School Policy of the Ukrainian Sikh Riflemen During the Occupation of Volhynia
  Luka Myšuha describes in Dilo, a national Ukrainian daily newspaper from L'viv/Lwów/Lemberg, how the USS tried to establish a Ukrainian school system during their deployment in Volhynia.
- The Lieutenant of the Sič Riflemen, M. Sajevyč, Drives Children to School in Volhynia
  A lieutenant takes children of primary school age from rural areas to a Ukrainian school organized by the USS in the town of Volodymyr Volyns'kyj.
- Teachers in Front of the Ukrainian School in Volodymyr Volyns‵kyj
  The teachers stand in front of the Ukrainian elementary school improvised by the USS, while some schoolchildren can be seen inside the building.
- Dmytro Dorošenko on Ukrainian Nationalization Within the Russian Army
  In his memoirs, the historian and politician describes how nationalization processes began to manifest themselves in the army since the beginning of 1917.
- Barracks of the Sič Shooters in Kyiv
  The photograph shows the barracks of the Sikh Riflemen in Kyiv in April 1918. These units of the Ukrainian People's Republic should not be confused with the Ukrainian Sikh Riflemen from Galicia, but were the first independent Ukrainian army of the...
The Russian Occupation of Galicia
- To the Citizens of Lviv!
  The military governor, Colonel Sergei Sheremet'ev, announces the first instructions for the entry of the Russian army into the city of Lviv in a leaflet.
- Russian Rule in Galicia
  In the first part of his political memoirs, historian and politician Dmytro Dorošenko describes how Russian rule over Eastern Galicia took shape during the occupation in World War I.
- In Liberated Lemberg, 1915
  In his memoirs, politician Kost' Levyc'kyj shows that intra- and inter-ethnic conflicts continued after the withdrawal of Russian troops from Lviv.
- Description of the Destruction of Galicia and the Consequences of Anti-Semitic Pogroms
  Between 1914 and 1916, An-Ski traveled several times on behalf of Russian aid organizations to support the suffering Jewish population in Galicia. His accounts bear witness to the destruction but also to the war crimes committed by the Tsarist army...
Territorial Ideas on the Drawing Board
- Ethnographische Übersichtskarte der Ukraina
  Stepan Rudnyc'kyj's ‘Carte rouge’ of the Ukrainian ‘ethnographic territory’ represents the spatial conception of Ukraine that Ukrainian politicians wish to communicate during wartime.
- The Nations of the Eastern Theater of War
  In his supplement to Stepan Rudnyc'kyj's short monograph, Erwin Hanslik presents the national territories of Eastern and East-Central Europe.
- Physical Overview Map of Ukraina
  Stepan Rudnyc'kyj seeks to anchor Ukraine on the mental map of Europe with his maps. This also includes presenting it as a physical-geographical, geological and climatological entity.
- Geological Overview Map of Ukraina
  Stepan Rudnyc'kyj seeks to anchor Ukraine on the mental map of Europe with his maps. This also includes presenting it as a physical-geographical, geological and climatological entity.
- Climatic Overview Map of Ukraina
  Stepan Rudnyc'kyj seeks to anchor Ukraine on the mental map of Europe with his maps. This also includes presenting it as a physical-geographical, geological and climatological entity.
- Ethnographic Overview Map of Eastern Europe
  Stepan Rudnyc'kyj also included an ethnographic map of Eastern Europe in his Ukrainian regional studies, which clearly shows that he wanted to focus particularly on the ethnic diversity of the Russian Empire.
- Historical Map of Poland from Eugeniusz Romer's Atlas of 1916
  Eugeniusz Romer's central atlas serves to legitimize Polish war aims; the map shown here depicts Poland's historical borders, even at their widest extent.
- Political Map of Historical Polish Territories from Eugeniusz Romer's 1916 Atlas
  Romers' administrative-political map from 1916 shows not only the national affiliation of Polish territories in the ethnographic sense, but also those of “Lithuania and Little Russia,” i.e., the territories of the Rzeczpospolita until 1667.
- Density of the Roman Catholic Population in Polish Territory According to Eugeniusz Romer, 1916
  Romer uses religious statistics to highlight the proportion of the population that is Roman Catholic. When interpreting these figures, it should be noted that “Roman Catholic” has often been interpreted as a marker of belonging to the Polish...
- Ethnographic Map of Russians, Poles, and Lithuanians
  In this map, published around 1919-1920, the Russian imperial-oriented intellectual Timofej Florinskij presents his ethnographic view of the former Tsarist Empire. In his cartography of the southwestern territories of the Tsarist Empire, Ukrainians...
- Map Showing the Distribution of Ukrainians around the World
  The map by Ukrainian cartographer Yuriy Hasenko shows the global distribution of Ukrainians, but at the same time serves as a lament that Ukraine is the largest nation without a nation state.
Occupation(s) of Ukraine by the Central Powers
- Excerpt from Albrecht Penck's Account of Ukraine
  The German anthropogeographer Penck places Ukraine on the mental map of German imperialism; here, he considers not only its geopolitical relevance, but also, among other things, its exploitation for grain.
- Course of the “Eastern Front,” 1917
  The German war map shows the front line of 1917 through “Southwest Russia,” which was the name given at the time to the Ukrainian territories belonging to the Russian Empire.
- Report on the Political Situation in Ukraine to the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Ottokar Czernin
  The reporter exaggerates the “Austrophile” attitude in the Ukrainian People's Republic based on his personal contacts.
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
  The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cannot be interpreted solely in the context of World War I or the history of the RSFSR. For the Ukrainian People's Republic, which was under military pressure, it was an opportunity to purchase military aid from the...
- Political Borders in Eastern Europe After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
  The German Empire map shows the provisional political borders of Ukraine after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
- Report on the Secret Additional Protocol to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
  The report refers to the secret protocol on Eastern Galicia regarding grain deliveries agreed with the Ukrainian People's Republic.
- Diplomatic Report on the Annulment of the Secret Protocol on Galicia
  The report on a conversation with Het'man Skoropods'kyj reveals his attitude toward the secret protocol of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which had become public knowledge, as well as the political consequences of its disclosure.
- Secret Telegram from the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador in Kyiv Regarding a Meeting with Hetman Skoropads'kyj
  Count Forgách reports from Kyiv to Vienna on a conversation with Skoropads'kyj, in which the latter apparently did not take a strong position on the open questions in relations with the Central Powers.
- Report for the Head of the Operations Department of the German Eastern Front on the State of Affairs in Ukraine in March 1918
  Colin Ross reports to General Max Hoffmann on the political and economic situation in Ukraine and the attitude toward the German military.
- The Central Powers and Ukraine in the Light of their Current Mutual Economic Relations
  In his article in the journal “Osteuropäische Zukunft”, the author discusses “reciprocal” economic relations between the Ukrainian state and the German Reich, which are based on the one-sided supremacy of the German Reich.
- The German Reich's Interest in Ukraine
  In his article in the journal “Osteuropäische Zukunft”, the author presents the geopolitical relevance of a stable Ukraine oriented towards the Central Powers - as a counterpoint to anti-German tendencies in East-Central Europe.
- Organization of Grain Collection in Ukraine
  An Imperial German map outlines in detail which institutions and infrastructures are available for grain exploitation.
- Central Powers Colonial? The Exploitation of Ukraine
  Hay, coal, food, weapons - the photographs of the k.u.k. Army show requisitions by the Central Powers in the Ukraine.
- The Scorched Earth of the Red Army
  During its invasion in support of the Ukrainian state, the Austro-Hungarian Army documents the destruction wrought by the Red Army as well as its symbolic politics.
- Hinterland Photography - Ukraine 1918
  Ukrainian folk life through the soldier's lens – this gallery shows examples of typical hinterland photography.
- Between Safety and Sunbathing
  The gallery documents selected scenes from the Austro-Hungarian Army during the occupation of Odessa in 1918.
UNR - Ukrainian State - Directorate
- First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council
  In its first statement (“Universal”) to the Ukrainian people, the Ukrainian Central Council announced regional autonomy.
- Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council
  After the October Revolution and in the run-up to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly, the Ukrainian National Council proclaims new fundamental rights, but wishes to remain in a federal union with Russia.
- Address by Hetman Skoropads'kyjs to the Entire Ukrainian People
  In April 1918, the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic experienced a coup d'état by the self-proclaimed Hetman Pavlo Skoropads'kyj, a former general of the Russian army who had been appointed by the Germans and who announced his program to the...
- The First Announcement by the Executive Board
  After the civil war and the coup against Hetman Skoropads'kyj's regime, the chairman of the Directorate announced his position.
- Appeal by the District Commissioner of Okhtyrka (Kharkiv province), I. Omelchenko
  The district commissioner's letter provides insights into the local implementation of mobilization for the Directorate in light of the military threat posed by the Red Army.
- Act of Unification of the UNR and ZUNR
  On January 22, 1919, in response to a similar declaration by the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR), the Kyiv Directorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) solemnly declares the union of the two republics into an independent Ukrainian...
- Universal of Otaman Hryhor'iv
  A southern Ukrainian partisan leader calls for anarchist mobilization.
- To Combat Anti-Jewish Pogroms in the Ukrainian People's Republic
  In his important account of the Ukrainian Revolution, published in 1922, historian Chrystiuk writes about how the Petliura regime allegedly attempted to put an end to the ongoing anti-Jewish pogroms.

Footnotes

In the territory of the Habsburg Monarchy, not only was the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic formed, claiming all Ukrainian-settled lands of the Monarchy, or at least Galicia and Bukovina, but there were also three attempts to establish micro-states: two Lemko states – one in Eastern and one in Western Galicia – and one Hutsul state in the Hungarian part of the Hutsul region. Bogdan Horbal, Działalność polityczna Łemków na Łemkowszczyźnie 1918-1921, Wrocław 1997; Romana Mondryk, Hlavní projevy etnické identity ukrajinských Huculů / Main manifestations of the ethnic identity of the Ukrainian Huculs, in: Kulturní Studia 1 (2017), 39-61. https://kulturnistudia.cz/2017-1/2017-1-mondryk.pdf. For a general discussion of the often problematic historiography of the Rusyn national movement, see Paul Robert Magocsi, With Their Backs to the Mountains. A History of Carpathian Rus’ and Carpatho-Rusyns, Budapest 2022; idem, The Shaping of a National Identity. Subcarpathian Rus’. 1848-1948, Harvard 1978.

Georgiy Kasianov, Die Ukraine zwischen Revolution, Selbstständigkeit und Fremdherrschaft, in: Wolfram Dornik et al. (eds.), Die Ukraine zwischen Selbstbestimmung und Fremdherrschaft 1917–1922, Graz 2011, 131-179, here 131.

Already immediately after the First World War, Ukrainian intellectuals began to place these vyzvol’ni zmahannja in a tradition with Bohdan Khmel’nyts’kyj’s attempted state-building and his struggle against Poland, 1648–1657. In addition, the Ukrainian state-building attempts and resistance struggles during the Second World War, as well as the defense of independent Ukraine against Russian aggression since 2014, are also understood as vyzvol’ni zmahannja. For a modern interpretation of Ukrainian history as a history of violence, see Anna Veronika Wendland, Befreiungskrieg. Nationsbildung und Gewalt in der Ukraine, Frankfurt a.M. 2023.

For the political orientations of the Galician Ruthenians/Ukrainians, see Martin Rohde, Nationale Wissenschaft zwischen zwei Imperien. Die Ševčenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1892–1918, Göttingen 2022; idem, Ruthenische Intellektuelle und die Frage nationaler Eigenständigkeit in Galizien im Jahr 1848, in: Claudia Reichl-Ham (ed.), „Für unsere und eure Freiheit“ (= Acta Austro-Polonica, vol. XV), Vienna 2024, 262–282; Ostap Sereda, ‘Whom Shall We Be?’ Public Debates over the National Identity of Galician Ruthenians in the 1860s, in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49, no. 2 (2001), 200–212; Anna Veronika Wendland, Die Russophilen in Galizien. Ukrainische Konservative zwischen Österreich und Russland, 1848–1915, Vienna 2001.

Fabian Baumann, Dynasty Divided: A Family History of Russian and Ukrainian Nationalism, Ithaca, NY 2023; Faith Hillis, Children of Rus': Right-Bank Ukraine and the Invention of a Russian Nation, Ithaca, NY 2013. For the Little Russian movement 1917–1919, see Gennadii Korolov, In Search of the Lands of Rus’: The Idea of Ukraine in the Imagination of the Little Russian Movement (1917–1919), in: Nationalities Papers 49 (2021), no. 4, 679–690. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.47

Martin Rohde, “National Soul-catching”, State Categories, and Local Responses. Jewish and Ukrainian Challenges of the Census in Eastern Galicia and Eastern Lesser Poland, 1880–1931, in: Petru Negura, Svetlana Suveica, Andrei Cusco (eds.), Nationalism from Below. Popular Responses to Nation-Building in the Soviet and East European Borderlands, 1900–1940, Bloomsbury 2025; Martin Rohde, Ruthenen, Ukrainer oder doch "österreichische Ukrainer"? Begriffsgeschichtliche Anmerkungen zu einer verbreiteten Fußnote der Galizienforschung, in: Österreich in Geschichte und Literatur (mit Geographie) 65 (2021), no. 1, 32–44. For ‘national indifference’, see Tara Zahra, Imagined Noncommunities. National Indifference as a Category of Analysis, Slavic Review 69 (2010), no. 1, 93–119.

Martin Rohde, Wissenstopografien des Grenzraums: Die ruthenisch-ukrainisch bewohnten Ostkarpaten im Visier von „frontier“-Wissenschaften des langen 19. Jahrhunderts, in: Lina Schröder et al. (eds.), Raum- und Grenzkonzeptionen in der Erforschung europäischer Regionen, Dresden 2023, pp. 231–255. Open access via https://slub.qucosa.de/api/qucosa:85039/attachment/ATT-0/.

Piotr Szlanta, The Lemkos‘ Great War: Wartime Experiences of the Lemko People, 1914–18, Acta Poloniae Historica 2016, no. 113, 7–36, https://rcin.org.pl/Content/61384/PDF/WA303_80558_A295-APH-R-113_Szlanta.pdf.

Kerstin S. Jobst, Geschichte der Krim, Berlin/Boston 2020, 243–258.

10.

Andrii Portnov, Dnipro. An Entangled History of a European City, Boston 2022, 123–168.

11.

Mark R. Baker. Peasants, Power, and Place: Revolution in the Villages of Kharkiv Province, 1914-1921. Cambridge, 2016.

12.

Kerstin S. Jobst, Oksana Nagornaia, Kerstin von Lingen (ed.), The Great War and the Anthropocene. Empire and Environment, Soldiers and Civilians on the Eastern Front., Leiden – Boston 2024. Open access via https://brill.com/display/title/70473.

13.

See, for example, Tanja Penter, Odessa 1917. Revolution an der Peripherie, Cologne et al. 2000.

14.

Kerstin S. Jobst, Geschichte der Krim, Berlin/Boston 2020, p. 247; for L’viv in the First World War, see Christoph Mick, Lemberg - Lwów - L'viv, 1914–1947. Violence and Ethnicity in a Contested City, West Lafayette, IN 2015.

15.

Ljubov’ Žvanko, Biženci peršoji svitovoji vijny. Ukrajins’kyj vymir (1914–1918 rr.), Kharkiv 2012.

16.

Ostap Hrytsaj, Ukrainische Legion, Vienna 1917; Offizieller Katalog der Kriegsausstellung Wien, Vienna 1916. https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:AT-WBR-10570.

17.

Verzeichnis der Enthobenen und zur Dienstleistung bei der Zentralleitung der k.k. ukrainischen Legion zugeteilten Landsturmpflichtigen, National Archives of the Czech Republic, fond 922, box 66, inventory number 855.

18.

Mark von Hagen, War in a European Borderland. Occupations and Occupation Plans in Galicia and Ukraine, 1914–1918, Seattle 2007.

19.

Maciej Górny, Science Embattled. Eastern European Intellectuals and the Great War, Paderborn 2019; Martin Rohde, Nationale Wissenschaft zwischen zwei Imperien. Die Ševčenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1892–1918. Göttingen 2022. Open access via https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/book/10.14220/9783737013901.

20.

Oksana Dudko, Rifleman Art. Visualizing the Ukrainian War, in: Lidia Głuchowska, Vojtěch Lahoda (eds.), Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism in the Avant-Garde and Modernism, Prague 2022, 114–145. Likewise, the propaganda activists of the Russian army produced their own documentation during the occupation of Galicia, using it to support their narratives of a backward Galicia. See Alexandra Likhacheva, Galician Landscapes through the Camera Lens: Visualizing Combat Spaces of the First World War, in: Jobst/Nagornaia/von Lingen (eds.), The Great War, 241–262.

21.

Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius, Kriegsland im Osten. Eroberung, Kolonisierung und Militärherrschaft im Ersten Weltkrieg, Hamburg 2018 (first published as War Land on the Eastern Front. Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I, Cambridge UP 2000).

22.

Frank Sysyn, Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian Revolution (= Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute Offprint Series, no. 4), Cambridge, MA [n.d.; first published 1977], p. 277. For detailed discussion, see Olena Palko, Constantin Ardeleanu, Introduction. Making the Borders of Contemporary Ukraine, in: idem (eds.), Making Ukraine. Negotiating, contesting, and drawing the borders in the twentieth century, McGill-Queen’s University Press 2022, 3–63, here 22–26.

23.

Borislav Chernev, Ukraine’s Borders at the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference, 1917–18, in: Palko/Ardeleanu (eds.), Making Ukraine, 67–85. The borders with Belarus, for example, remained subject to further negotiation and were subsequently adjusted several times. Dorota Michaluk, Emerging States and Border-Making in Times of War. Negotiating the Ukrainian-Belarusian Borders in 1918, in: ibid., 163–188.

24.

Schewtschenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Lemberg, Denkschrift über die Notwendigkeit des ausschließlichen Gebrauchs des Nationalnamens »Ukrainer«, 1915, Austrian State Archives, General Administrative Archive, Ministry of the Interior, Präs 17044/1915.

25.

Yuki Murata, Inverting National Hierarchy. Great-Russian Autonomy in Revolutionary Ukraine from a Historical Perspective, in: Časopys doslidžennja vijn ta revoljucij, 2021, no. 1, 85–124, http://resource.history.org.ua/publ/chvr_2021_1_7.

26.

For the German and (often neglected:) Austrian occupation of Ukraine in 1918, see Wolfram Dornik, Die Besatzung der Ukraine 1918. Historischer Kontext – Forschungsstand – wirtschaftliche und soziale Folgen, Graz – Vienna – Klagenfurt 2008; Frank Golczewski, Deutsche und Ukrainer 1914–1939, Paderborn et al. 2010, pp. 240–360; Frank Grelka, Die ukrainische Nationalbewegung unter deutscher Besatzungsherrschaft 1918 und 1941/42, Wiesbaden 2005; Marian Luschnat-Ziegler, Die ukrainische Revolution und die Deutschen 1917–1918, Marburg 2021.

27.

Kasianov, Die Ukraine; Stephan Lehnstaedt, Der vergessene Sieg. Der Polnisch-Sowjetische Krieg 1919–1921 und die Entstehung des modernen Osteuropa, Munich 2019.

28.

Guido Hausmann, Die Kultur der Niederlage. Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Ukraine, in: OSTEUROPA, 64, issues 2–4, 2014, 127–140.

29.

Alexander J. Motyl, The Turn to the Right. The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919–1929, New York 1980.

Citation

Citation recommendation

Martin Rohde: Die Ukraine im Ersten Weltkrieg – eine Nation kommt auf die Landkarte. In: Copernico. History and Cultural Heritage in Eastern Europe. URL: https://www.copernico.eu/en/link/686e24b6528bd9.10367690 (2026-03-07)

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Published under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 (illustrations see picture credits)

Inhaltsverzeichnis der Quellen dieses Moduls

Reactions to the Outbreak of War

Ukrainian Political Writings

Escape and Imprisonment in Autobiographies

Ukrainian Military Units

The Russian Occupation of Galicia

Territorial Ideas on the Drawing Board

Occupation(s) of Ukraine by the Central Powers

UNR - Ukrainian State - Directorate

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Authors

Footnotes

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